STS-95 (Discovery)

 1998-064A

---

STS-95's main missions were overshadowed by the presence on board of Payload Specialist-2 John H. Glenn, Jr., making his second spaceflight after an interval of 36 years and becoming the oldest space traveller to date at age 77. After two minor holds, Discovery was go for launch. The drag chute door fell off at ignition, hitting a main engine but fortunately without damage. (Aluminium hinge pins were replaced by stronger Iconel for the next mission). The mission used the second SWLT. Once in orbit, Glenn was able to report for the second time: `zero-g and I feel fine'.

On Nov 1, Robinson used the RMS to deploy Spartan. It was recovered successfully two days later with none of the problems of its previous mission.

Reentry was on Nov 7. Concerns that the drag chute might deploy during descent were not borne out, and a smooth landing was made at KSC, with drag chute release cancelled.

STS-95
Date	Time	Event	Orbit
1998 Sep		In OPF/2
1998 Sep 14	1400	Roll to VAB/2
1998 Sep 15		ET mate
1998 Oct 4		Roll to LC39B
1998 Oct 29	1919:33	Drag chute door falls off
	1919:34	Launch by Shuttle
	1919:36	Drag chute door hits SSME1
	1921:37	T+2:03 SRB sep
	1927:57	T+8:21 MECO	54 x 548 x 28.5
	1928:15	ET sep
	2001:32	OMS-2 5:05 141.5 m/s	95.79 552 x 561 x 28.5
	2006:37	OMS-2 CO
	2044:39	PLBD open
1998 Oct 30	1845	Deploy PANSAT
		Unberth RMS
		Reberth RMS
1998 Nov 1	1727:14	Grapple SPTN
	1803:17	Unberth SPTN
	1900:12	Deploy Spartan
	1906:40	RCS 0.3m/s sep
	1936:26	RCS 0.4m/s sep
	2058:34	NC1 0.6ms
1998 Nov 2	0056:34	NC1A 0.2m/s
1998 Nov 3	0217:34	NC3 6s 0.4m/s
	1411	NC4 32s 2.2m/s
	1621	RCS pre-TI 12s 1m/s
	1721:11	OMS-3 R 12s 3m/s
	1721:23	OMS-3 CO
	1741	MC1
	1814	MC2
	1831	MC3
	1854	MC4
		R-bar rendezvous
	2047:49	Grapple Spartan
	2104:51	Berth Spartan
	2110:32	Ungrapple
1998 Nov 4	1438:40	Grapple SPTN
	1537:08	Unberth Spartan
		OSVS tests
	1738:50	Reberth Spartan
	1744:49	Ungrapple
1998 Nov 6	2045	RCS adjust 52s 3.9m/s
1998 Nov 7	1312	PLBD closed
	1552:54	OMS DO 4:47 143.4 m/s
	1557:41	OMS DO CO
	1632:24	Entry
	1703:30	MGTD KSC RW33
	1703:40	NGTD
	1704:29	Wheels stop
	2145	Tow to OPF/1

Galileo

 1989-084B

---

The Galileo orbiter was deployed at 2317 on 1989 Oct 18 from Space Shuttle Atlantis into a 295 x 303 km x 34.3 deg parking orbit. At 0015 on Oct 19 the SRM-1 motor of the IUS-19 upper stage ignited to change the orbit to 312 x 34770 km x 34.2 deg; at 0020 the SRM-2 ignited to place Galileo into solar orbit en route to Venus. At 0040 the spacecraft was spun up, and the RTG boom and science boom were deployed. The IUS-19 SRM-2 separated from Galileo at 0107 and the Earth-Venus cruise began. The first trajectory correction maneuver, the 17m/s TCM-1, was carried out in two burns on Nov 10-11. TCM-2 was on Dec 22 (TCM-3 was cancelled).

At 0558:48 on 1990 Feb 10, Galileo passed 16100 km from Venus, at a light distance of 5 min 41 sec from Earth. It now began the Venus-Earth cruise phase, with two large course corrections, TCM-4A (Apr 9-12) and TCM-4B (May 11-12). Four more minor corrections would be made during the cruise to Venus. Aphelion at 1.29 AU was on Aug 23. In November, the Venus encounter data was played back through the low gain antenna. On Dec 7 at 1700, Galileo was 900000 km from Earth. The first Earth encounter was carried out at 2034:34 on 1990 Dec 8, with Galileo skimming 960 km over the Carribean.

By 1990 Dec 14, Galileo was 4.5 million km from Earth and began its cruise toward the Asteroid belt in the Earth-Earth portion of its trajectory. On 1991 May 1 the command was given to deploy the probe's High Gain Antenna to support asteroid and Jupiter data return. The HGA refused to deploy fully, and it was later deduced that one or more of the antenna ribs were stuck in place because the locking pins had not been relubricated in the long years Galileo had been kept in storage. Many attempts were made to shake the HGA free, but to no avail.

Galileo entered the region of the asteroid belt in 1991 Jul, and began targeting burns for its encounter with (951) Gaspra. The SSI imager cover was jettisoned on 1991 Sep 5. Galileo flew 1600 km from Gaspra at 2237 on 1991 Oct 29.

In 1992 Jun Galileo left the asteroid belt again and began its approach to the second Earth encounter. A large course correction, TCM-14, was made in Aug 1992, with burns of Aug 4, Aug 5 and Aug 6; three smaller TCMs followed to refine the approach. At 0358 on 1992 Dec 8, Galileo flew 110288 km from the Moon and took extensive observations. The second Earth encounter was at 1509 on Dec 8, when the probe flew 304 km above the Atlantic. On Dec 9, controllers carried out the GOPEX laser communications experiment, verifying that Galileo's sensors could detect a laser beam aimed at the probe. Galileo passed through its 0.98AU perihelion on Dec 12 and headed back out to the asteroid belt at the beginning of the long Earth-Jupiter cruise. In Jan 1993 another attempt was made to free the HGA, but did not succeed. TCM 19 was carried out on 1993 Mar 9; TCM 20 on 1993 Aug 13 to refine the probe's approach to asteroid Ida. TCM21 had been scheduled for 1993 Aug 26 but was cancelled because the Deep Space Network was trying to revive the lost Mars Observer probe.

The Ida encounter was at 1652 on 1993 Aug 28; Galileo passed 2400 km from the asteroid, and images returned later resulted in the discovery of Ida's satellite Dactyl. The largest orbit maneuver yet, TCM-22, was carried out in 5 daily parts from Oct 4 to Oct 8, totalling a 38 m/s course change. A tiny 0.1m/s TCM-22A refinement burn was executed on 1994 Feb 15. In 1994 July, Galileo was used to observe the impact of Comet D/1994 F2 Shoemaker-Levy-9 on Jupiter; it was the only platform able to observe the impact sights along a direct line of sight. A maneuver in Apr 1995 adjusted the aim point by 125 km.

Early on 1995 Jul 11, the cable connecting the Orbiter with the Probe was cut. The release of the probe uncovered the nozzle of the Orbiter main engine. After a small 2s wakeup burn, the first burn of the 400N engine was carried out on Jul 27. The ODM (Orbiter Deflection Maneuver) moved the Orbiter off an impact trajectory and targeted it for orbit insertion.

The Probe separated on 1995 Jul 13. The Probe couldn’t communicate with Earth on its independent flight to Jupiter. Arrival at Jupiter and the Io encounter are set for 1995 Dec 7. 4 hours after flying past Io, the 75 min relay phase of Galileo's mission begins, as it relays back data from the Probe. The nominal entry interface is at 450 km above the reference 1-bar atmosphere level; the probe will hit the cloud tops at 1995 Dec 7 at 2204, at 5 deg W 6.57 deg N. In the first minute the Probe will undergo a heating pulse as it descends through 200 km, and a peak deceleration of 250g as it passed through 90 km. 110s after entry the probe's mortar is fired to deploy the parachute. At 113s the aft cover is separated, and at 116s the aeroshell separates at an altitude of 50 km, with the main chute now fully deployed. By 118s the science instruments are deployed. 9 minutes after entry, the probe passes through the 0 km, 1-bar reference level. An hour after entry, it should be at the -126 km, 19 bar level, which marks the end of the reference mission. At 75 minutes after entry, it would have reached 150 km depth, the 25 bar level; at this point the Orbiter will move out of relay range. 65 minutes after that, the Orbiter begins its 46 minute JOI burn with the 400N engine.

Orbit 1 will take Galileo out to about 250 RJ, after its perijove within the orbit of Io. After this is the final burn of the 400N engine with the PJR (Perijove Raise) maneuver. Subsequent orbits will remain outside Io's orbit, with apojoves less than 150 RJ.

The G2 pass featured a north polar pass of Ganymede. Studies of the Jovian magnetosphere and the southern Jovian aurora and imaging of Europa were also carried out.

Orbital data around Jupiter are from center of Jupiter.

 

Galileo orbits
Orbit	Date	Periapsis/Apoapsis/Inc
0	1995 Dec 8	282340 x 19347105 x 5.30
0	1996 Mar 16	836552 x 19347112 x 5.36
1	1996 Jun 27	788980 x 9150621 x 4.14
1	1996 Aug 2	777102 x 9150621 x 4.17
2	1996 Sep 6	761506 x 8075189 x 2.27
2	1996 Oct 7	752537 x 8075189 x 2.29
3	1996 Nov 4	651664 x 6373191 x 1.97
3	1996 Nov 27	655059 x 6373170 x 2.00
4	1996 Dec 19	648150 x 5152554 x 1.96
4	1997 Jan 4	646825 x 5152555 x 1.96
5	1997 Jan 20	646714 x 5150997 x 1.96
5	1997 Feb 4	644731 x 5150996 x 1.98
6	1997 Feb 20	652324 x 6376275 x 1.49
6	1997 Mar 14	648198 x 6376284 x 1.89
7	1997 Apr 5	634312 x 5426786 x 2.52
7	1997 Apr 21	629547 x 5426791 x 2.66
8	1997 May 7	662977 x 7165170 x 2.31
8	1997 Jun 2	659861 x 7165169 x 2.32
9	1997 Jun 25	768639 x 10226219 x 2.19
9	1997 Aug 8	766581 x 10226204 x 2.19
10	1997 Sep 17	654989 x 7072405 x 1.98
10	1997 Oct 13	645603 x 7072405 x 1.70
11	1997 Nov 6	641462 x 6014022 x 2.13
11	1997 Nov 26	623759 x 6014098 x 2.03
12	1997 Dec 16	639643 x 7860605 x 1.90
12	1998 Jan 13	636699 x 7860616 x 1.89
13	1998 Feb 10	632979 x 6805653 x 1.79
13	1998 Mar 6	631573 x 6805653 x 1.79
14	1998 Mar 29	637735 x 8554447 x 1.94
14	1998 Apr 30	637280 x 8554447 x 1.90
15	1998 May 31	632474 x 7178693 x 2.09
15	1998 Jun 26	632618 x 7178694 x 2.08
16	1998 Jul 21	637553 x 8892743 x 1.82
16	1998 Aug 23	639125 x 8892736 x 1.78
17	1998 Sep 26	636481 x 7892583 x 1.34
17	1998 Oct 24	638219 x 7892586 x 1.33
18	1998 Nov 22	641511 x 9221820 x 1.73
18	1998 Dec 27	647147 x 9221821 x 1.64
19	1999 Feb 1	650158 x 11030213 x 2.17
19	1999 Mar 18	668040 x 11030219 x 2.13
20	1999 May 5	592836 x 8188041 x 2.04
20	1999 Jun 2	600762 x 8188038 x 2.01
21	1999 Jun 30	518475 x 6360683 x 2.03
21	1999 Jul 22	521791 x 6360682 x 2.01
22	1999 Aug 14	465414 x 5509599 x 2.17
22	1999 Aug 29	467861 x 5509599 x 2.16
23	1999 Sep 16	394718 x 4696193 x 2.21
23	1999 Sep 27	396422 x 4696194 x 2.20
24	1999 Oct 11	401506 x 6997483 x 1.85
24	1999 Nov 3	406775 x 6997481 x 2.23
25	1999 Nov 26	406618 x 6222533 x 1.34
26	2000 Jan 4	342166 x 7273830 x 2.49
27	2000 Feb 22	362448 x 10966955 x 2.55
28	2000 May 30	409214 x 20716802 x 2.59
29	2000 Dec 28	462958 x 15447484 x 2.54

 

Galileo mission events
Date	Time	Event	Orbit
1989 Oct 18		Launch
	2315	Deploy
1989 Oct 19	0015:15	IUS SRM-1 150s
	0017:45?	IUS SRM-1 burnout
	0017:45?	IUS SRM-1 sep
	0020:05?	IUS SRM-2
	0021:53?	IUS SRM-2 burnout
		Spacecraft oriented
	0040	Spinup
		Begin RTG and mag boom deploy
	0107	IUS SRM-2 sep	438 x -64884 x 33.95
	0821?	Pass EL1:4
1989 Oct 23	0349	Pass L1
		B-plane Venus miss 182000 km
1989 Nov 9		TCM-1, 16 m/s remove launch bias
1989 Nov 22		11.2Mkm from Earth
1989 Dec 20		18.2Mkm from Earth
1989 Dec 22		TCM-2, Venus target
1989 Dec 27		Dust experiment cover ejected
1990 Feb 8	0932	Enter Venus sphere
1990 Feb 10	0559	Venus encounter	16100 x Inf
1990 Feb 12	0228	Leave Venus sphere
1990 Apr 9		TCM-4A, E1 target 24.2 m/s
1990 May 11		TCM-4B, E1 target 11.0 m/s
1990 Jul 17		TCM-5 E1 target 0.8m/s
1990 Oct 9		TCM-6 E1 target 0.5m/s
1990 Nov 13		TCM-7 E1 target 1.2m/s
1990 Nov 23		TCM-8, cleanup for TCM-7, 0.1m/s
1990 Dec 6	2310?	Enter Earth sphere L1
1990 Dec 8	2034	Earth encounter 1	960 x Inf
1990 Dec 10	1835?	Depart Earth sphere
1990 Dec 19		TCM-9A, post E1 5.3 m/s
1991 Mar 20		TCM-9B, Gaspra target 2.3 m/s
1991 May 1		HGA deploy fails
1991 Jul 2		TCM-10, Gaspra target 3.6m/s
1991 Sep 5	1715s	SSI contamination cover jettison
1991 Oct 9		TCM-11, Gaspra target 0.3m/s
1991 Oct 24		TCM-12 cleanup 0.3 m/s
1991 Oct 29	2231?	Enter estimated Gaspra Hill sphere
1991 Oct 29	2237	Gaspra encounter 1566 km
1991 Oct 29	2243?	Leave estimated Gaspra Hill sphere
1992 Aug 4		TCM-14 E2 target, 21.3 m/s
1992 Oct 9		TCM-15 E2 target, 0.6m/s
1992 Nov 14		TCM-16, E2 target 0.9m/s
1992 Nov 29		TCM-17 E2 cleanup 0.02m/s
1992 Dec 6	1700	Enter Earth sphere
1992 Dec 8	1509	Earth encounter 2	304 x Inf x 161
1992 Dec 10	1320	Depart Earth sphere
1993 Mar 19		TCM-19 Ida target 2.1 m/s
1993 Aug 13		TCM-20 Ida cleanup 0.6 m/s
1993 Aug 28	1642?	Enter estimated Hill sphere
1993 Aug 28	1653	Ida encounter 2553 km
1993 Aug 28	1704?	Leave estimated Hill sphere
1993 Oct 4		TCM-22 probe target, 38.6 m/s
1994 Feb 15		TCM-22A cleanup 0.1 m/s
1995 Apr 12		TCM-23 cleanup, 0.08 m/s
1995 Jul 11	0532	Probe umbilical cut
1995 Jul 11	1226	Orbiter to entry attitude
1995 Jul 12	0832	Orbiter spinup 10.5 rpm
1995 Jul 13	0530	Probe release (0607 ERT)	RJ=81.5 Mkm
1995 Jul 20		Spindown, attitude change
1995 Jul 21		Spinup to 10.5 rpm
1995 Jul 24	0701	Orbiter wakeup burn (2s) LT=37min
1995 Jul 27	0700	ODM burn (5min, 61 m/s)
1995 Aug 28		TCM-26, Io approach trim 1m/s
1995 Sep 10	0400?	In Jupiter gravisphere
	0900?	Probe in J gravisphere
1995 Oct 11		Tape recorder failure
1995 Dec 7	1309	Europa closest approach, 30921 km
	1735	Enter Io sphere
1995 Dec 7	1745:58	Io encounter, 892 km
	1758	Depart Io sphere
1995 Dec 7	1839	Relay Readiness Config complete
1995 Dec 7	2153:44	Perijove, 214569 km
1995 Dec 7	2207	Probe transmissions begin
	2322	Relay Radio system off
1995 Dec 8	0027	S400 burn for JOI, 49:00, 644 m/s
1995 Dec 8	0116	Jupiter orbit insertion
1995 Dec		Orbit 1, 5 x 250 RJ ( 115000 x 19E6 km)
1996 Mar 14	1915	OTM-3 PJR Perijove Raise, at apojove, S400 377m/s
1996 Mar 14	1940	End of burn	786000 x 19300000 km
1996 May 3		OTM-4, 10-N thrusters 1.2m/s
1996 Jun 12		OTM 5
1996 Jun 23		Begin G1 encounter
1996 Jun 24		OTM 6
1996 Jun 27	0521	Enter G sphere
	0629:06	Ganymede G1 flyby, 835 km over 30N 112W
	0740	Depart G sphere
1996 Jun 28	0031	Perijove 2 at 11.0 RJ
1996 Jun 30		OTM 7
1996 Jun 30		End G1 Encounter
		Orbit 2, 10 x 120 RJ
1996 Aug 5		OTM 8, 4.6m/s apoapsis
1996 Aug 27		OTM 9
1996 Sep 1		Begin G2 Encounter
1996 Sep 6	1752	Enter G sphere
	1859:33	Galileo G2 Ganymede flyby, 261 km over 80N 123W
	2009	Depart G sphere
1996 Sep 7	0525	Io C/A 441000 km
1996 Sep 7	1337	Perijove 3 at 10.7 RJ, OWLT=39min, R=762000km
1996 Sep 7	1706	Europa C/A 673000 km
1996 Sep 8		End G2 Encounter
1996 Sep 9	1024	Callisto C/A 424000 km
1996 Sep 9	2205s	OTM-11, 5.7m/s
1996 Oct 8		OTM-12 apoapsis, C3 targeting
1996 Nov 2	1600	Callisto encounter C3 starts
1996 Nov 4	1148	Enter Callisto sphere
	1334:27	Callisto C/A, alt 1136 km
	1523	Depart Callisto sphere
1996 Nov 6	1204	Io C/A 245000 km
1996 Nov 6	1331	Perijove 4 at 9.2 RJ, OWLT=46 min, 658000 km
	1850	Europa C/A 36000 km
1996 Nov 7	0442	Ganymede C/A 1.05 Mkm
1996 Nov 10	0700	OTM-14 C3 cleanup, 2.3m/s
1996 Nov 11		Cruise mode
1996 Nov 26	1130	OTM-15
1996 Dec 14		E4 encounter begins
1996 Dec 16	0230	OTM-16
1996 Dec 18	2137	Io C/A 321000 km
1996 Dec 19	0322	Perijove 5 at C/A=655000 km
	0614	Enter Europa sphere
1996 Dec 19	0652:57	Europa encounter E4, 692 km (C/A=2270 km)
	0735	Leave Europa sphere
1996 Dec 19	2012	Ganymede C/A R= 782000 km
1996 Dec 22		E4 encounter ends
1996 Dec 23	0945	OTM-17
1997 Jan 4	1430	OTM-18
1997 Jan 10		Start conjunction
1997 Jan 20	0028	Perijove 6 during conjunction, C/A 646000
1997 Jan 20	0112	Europa 27419 km
1997 Jan 21	2018	Callisto C/A 600000 km
1997 Jan 28		End conjunction
1997 Feb 6	1300s	OTM-19
1997 Feb 17		E6 encounter
1997 Feb 20	1204	Io C/A 401000 km
1997 Feb 20	1706:10	Europa encounter E6, 586 km (C/A = 2150 km)
	2053	Perijove 7, 9.1RJ, 652000 km, OWLT 50min
1997 Feb 21	1626	Ganymede C/A 318000 km
1997 Feb 22	2255	Callisto C/A 279000 km
1997 Feb 23		E6 encounter ends
1997 Feb 23		OTM-21
1997 Mar 13		OTM-22
1997 Mar 30	1600	G7 encounter begins
1997 Apr 1	0440	OTM-23
1997 Apr 2	1651	Callisto C/A 637000 km
1997 Apr 3	2111	Io C/A 531000 km
1997 Apr 4	0559	Europa C/A 251000 km
1997 Apr 4	1104	Perijove at 9.1 RJ, 651000 km
1997 Apr 5	0608	Enter G sphere
1997 Apr 5	0709:58	G7 at 3102 km
	0811	Exit G sphere
1997 Apr 6		G7 encounter ends
1997 Apr 8	0800	OTM-24
1997 Apr 25s		OTM-25
1997 May 4	1600	G8 encounter begins
1997 May 4	1630s	OTM-26
1997 May 6	1211	Callisto C/A 35900 km
1997 May 7	0731	Io C/A 956000 km
	1456	In G sphere
1997 May 7	1556:09	Ganymede C/A 4376 km, alt 1603 km
	1659	Leave G sphere
1997 May 8	1142	Jupiter C/A 663000 km OWLT 42min, 9.3RJ
1997 May 11	0200s	OTM-27
1997 May 11		G8 encounter ends
1997 Jun 3	s	OTM-28
1997 Jun 22	1600	C9 Encounter begins
1997 Jun 23	0618	OTM-29
1997 Jun 25	1203	Enter Callisto sphere
1997 Jun 25	1347:50	Callisto C/A 2820 km, alt 418 km
	1531	Leave C sphere
1997 Jun 26	1720	Ganymede C/A 82400 km
1997 Jun 27	1152	Jupiter C/A 770000 km, 10.8RJ OWLT 36min
1997 Jun 28	0231	Io C/A 607000 km
1997 Jun 29		End of C9 encounter
1997 Jul 10	1800s	OTM-30
1997 Aug 8	0530?	Tail petal apojove, 143 RJ
1997 Aug 8	s	OTM-31 apojove
1997 Sep 14	0000	C10 encounter begins
	0200	OTM-32
1997 Sep 16	2236	Enter C sphere
1997 Sep 17	0018:54	535 km flyby of Callisto C/A=3050 km
	0204	Leave C sphere
1997 Sep 18	2310	Jupiter C/A 656000 km, 9.2RJ, OWLT 36min
1997 Sep 19	0444	Io C/A 320000 km
1997 Sep 19	0521	Europa C/A 619000 km
1997 Sep 20	1430	End of C10
1997 Sep 20	2130	OTM-33
1997 Oct 29		OTM
1997 Nov 2	1600	E11 encounter begins
1997 Nov 5	0717	Callisto C/A, 673000 km
1997 Nov 6	1953	Enter E sphere
	2031:44	E11 Europa C/A 3607 km, 2043 km flyby
	2109
1997 Nov 7	0042	Jupiter C/A 641000 km 9.1 RJ, OWLT 41 min
1997 Nov 7	2345	Io C/A 793000 km
1997 Nov 9	1600	End of E11 encounter
1997 Nov 10	0040	OTM-36
1997 Nov 26	s	OTM-37
1997 Dec 13	s	OTM-38
1997 Dec 15		Start Galileo Europa Mission
1997 Dec 15	0958	Ganymede C/A 16900km, 14400 km flyby
1997 Dec 16	0635	Jupiter C/A 629000 km OWLT 46 min
	1126	Enter E sphere
1997 Dec 16	1203:19	E12 encounter 201 km flyby 1770 km C/A
	1240	Exit E sphere
	1911	Io C/A 480000 km
1997 Dec 20	s	OTM-39
1998 Jan 13	s	OTM-40
1988 Jan 22	s	OTM?
1998 Feb 7		OTM-41
1998 Feb 10	0507	Ganymede C/A 629900 km
	1725	Enter E sphere
	1757:32	E13 Europa C/A 5130 km, 3557 km flyby
	1831	Depart E sphere
	2309	Jupiter C/A 633000 km OWLT 50m
1998 Feb 11	0937	Io C/A 438000 km
1998 Feb 13		OTM-42
1998 Mar 13		OTM-43
1998 Mar 26	s	OTM-44
1998 Mar 28		E14 encounter begins
1998 Mar 29	0448	Io C/A 252000 km
1998 Mar 29	0800	Jupiter C/A 8.8RJ 631000 km OWLT 49m
	1246	Enter E sphere
1998 Mar 29	1321	E14 Europa C/A 3210 km flyby 1644 km
	1355	Exit E sphere
1998 Mar 30	0010	Ganymede C/A 920000 km
1998 Mar 31	0431	Callisto C/A 206000 km
1998 Mar 31		E14 encounter ends
1998 Apr 2	s	OTM-45
1998 Apr 30	s	OTM-46
1998 May 28		Safemode
1998 May 28	s	OTM-47
1998 May 30	2100	E15 encounter begins
1998 May 31	2038	Enter E sphere
1998 May 31	2100	Io C/A 312000 km
1998 May 31	2112:57	E15 Europa C/A 4090 km flyby 2515 km
	2146	Exit E sphere
1998 Jun 1	0235	Jupiter C/A 8.8RJ 632000 km OWLT = 43 min
1998 Jun 1	2151	Ganymede C/A 328000 km
1998 Jun 2	1800	E15 encounter ends
1998 Jun 4	s	OTM-48
1998 Jun 26		OTM-49
1998 Jul 17	s	OTM-50
1998 Jul 20	0455	Io C/A 702000 km
1998 Jul 20	0500	E16 encounter begins
1998 Jul 20		Safemode
1998 Jul 21	0019	Perijove C/A 8.8 RJ 632000 km OWLT 36 min
	0431	Enter E sphere
1998 Jul 21	0503:44	Europa flyby 1834 km C/A 3400 km
	0541	Leave E sphere
1998 Jul 21	0559	Telemetry resumed
	2007	Ganymede C/A 149000 km
1998 Jul 22	2147	E16 encounter ends
1998 Jul 22	s	OTM-51
1998 Jul 24	s	OTM-52
1998 Aug 23	s	OTM-53
1998 Sep 22		OTM
1998 Sep 24	0400	E17 encounter begins
1998 Sep 25	1009	Io C/A 800000 km
1998 Sep 26	0316	Enter E sphere
1998 Sep 26	0354:20	E17 encounter 3582 km C/A 5160 km
	0425	Exit E sphere
	0825	Perijove C/A 636000 km 8.9RJ OWLT 33m
1998 Sep 28	0830	End E17
1998 Sep 29	s	OTM-54
1998 Oct 24	s	OTM-55
1998 Nov 19		OTM-56
1998 Nov 21	1200	E18 encounter begins
1998 Nov 22	0534	Safemode
1998 Nov 22	0610	LOS
1998 Nov 22	0734	Perijove 8.9RJ, 638000 km
	1109	Enter E sphere
1998 Nov 22	1138:26	encounter 2271 km C/A 3850 km OWLT=39 min
	1223	Exit E sphere
1998 Nov 23	0130	Safemode
	1111	Io C/A 996000 km
1998 Nov 23	1936	E18 encounter ends
1998 Nov 26	s	OTM-57
1998 Dec 27	s	OTM-58
1999 Jan 28	s	OTM-59
1999 Jan 30	1516	Callisto C/A 899000 km
1999 Jan 31	0000	E19 Encounter begins
1999 Feb 1	0141	Enter E sphere
1999 Feb 1	0221	E19 flyby 1495 km, C/A 3060 km
	0300	Exit E sphere
1999 Feb 1	0500	Perijove 9.1RJ 650000 km OWLT=46min
1999 Feb 1	0600?	Safemode
1999 Feb 2	0424	Io C/A 856000 km
1999 Feb 3	1216	E19 encounter ends
1999 Feb 4	s	OTM-60
1999 Mar 19	s	OTM-61
1999 Mar 22	1922	Start solar conjunction
1999 Apr 10	1043	End solar conjunction
1999 May 2	s	OTM-62
1999 May 2	1700	C20 encounter begins
1999 May 2	1949	Io C/A 789000 km
1999 May 3	1245	Europa C/A 901000 km
1999 May 3	1711	Perijove 9.4RJ OWLT=49m
1999 May 4	1028	Ganymede C/A 642000 km
	1220	Enter C sphere
1999 May 5	1358	C20 flyby 1311 km range 3710 km
	1535	Exit C sphere
1999 May 5		End C20
1999 May 11	s	OTM-63
1999 Jun 2	s	OTM-64
1999 Jun 27	s	OTM-65
1999 Jun 29	0700	C21 encounter begins
1999 Jun 30	0610	Enter C sphere
1999 Jun 30	0748	C21 1047 km ran 3450 km
	0926	Exit C sphere
1999 Jul 2	0503	Perijove 7.3RJ 519000 km OWLT=43m
1999 Jul 2	0508	Io C/A 127000 km
1999 Jul 3	1000	Io torus
1999 Jul 3	1307	End C21
1999 Jul 4	s	OTM-66
1999 Jul 22	s	OTM-67
1999 Aug 11	s	OTM-68
1999 Aug 11	1442	Io C/A 737000 km
1999 Aug 11		Begin C22
1999 Aug 12		Io torus
1999 Aug 12	1108	Perijove 7.3RJ 522000 km OWLT=38m
	2002	Europa C/A 217000 km
1999 Aug 13	0300	Ganymede C/A 837000 km
1999 Aug 14	0653	Enter C sphere
1999 Aug 14	0831	C22 2296 km, C/A 4690 km
	1011	Exit C sphere
1999 Aug 14		End C22
1999 Aug 18	s	OTM-69
1999 Aug 28	s	OTM-70
1999 Sep 13	s	OTM-71
1999 Sep 13	2000	Begin C23
1999 Sep 14	1703	Ganymede C/A 588000 km
1999 Sep 14	2007	Perijove 7.3RJ 467000 km OWLT=35m
1999 Sep 14	2157	Io C/A 448000 km
1999 Sep 16	1549	Enter C sphere
1999 Sep 16	1728	Callisto C23, 1057 km C/A 3460 km
	1907	Exit C sphere
1999 Sep 17		End C23
1999 Sep 20	s	OTM-72
1999 Sep 27	s	OTM-73
1999 Oct 5	s	OTM-74
1999 Oct 10	0300	Begin I24
1999 Oct 10	0814	Callisto C/A 1.22Mkm
1999 Oct 10	1204:20	Ganymede C/A 925518 km
1999 Oct 10	2040	Europa C/A 223021 km
1999 Oct 11		Io torus
1999 Oct 11	0202:38	Perijove 5.5RJ C/A 397000 km OWLT=33m
	0414	Enter I sphere
1999 Oct 11	0433:02	I24, 612 km from Io C/A 2520 km
	0456	Exit I sphere
1999 Oct 12	0300	End I24
1999 Oct 15	s	OTM-75
1999 Nov 2	s	OTM-76
1999 Nov 23	s	OTM-77
1999 Nov 24	2354	Callisto C/A 1.2M km
1999 Nov 25	0400	I25 encounter start
	1617	Enter Europa sphere
1999 Nov 25	1630	Europa C/A 10206 km	8640 x -11820
	1643	Exit Europa sphere
1999 Nov 26	0000	Safemode
1999 Nov 26		Io torus
1999 Nov 26	0208	Perijove 5.7RJ 407000 km
	0344	Enter Io sphere
1999 Nov 26	0406	I25 C/A 2120 km, alt 291 km
1999 Nov 26	0410	Out of safemode
	0429	Depart Io sphere
1999 Nov 26	0709	Ganymede C/A 611000 km
1999 Nov 27		I25 encounter end
1999 Dec 15	1400?	Apo-26
2000 Jan 3	1741	Enter E sphere
2000 Jan 3	1804	E26 Europa 343 km
2000 Jan 3	1821	Exit sphere
2000 Jan 4	0333	Perijove 4.8 RJ 343000 km
2000 Jan 4	0656	Io flyby 214000 km
2000 Jan 7		Encounter end
2000 Jan 28	1900?	Apo-27
2000 Jan 31	0759	End of GEM
2000 Jan 31		Galileo Millenium Mission
2000 Feb 22	0351	Europa at 409000 km
2000 Feb 22	1230	Perijove 4.9RJ, 347000 km
2000 Feb 22	1324	Enter Io sphere
2000 Feb 22	1347	Io I27 at 200 km alt
2000 Feb 22	1412	Exit Io sphere
2000 Feb 24	1245	Safemode event at 29Rj
2000 Mar 6		At 7094000 km range	347000 x 11100000
2000 May 20		G28 encounter
	0925	Enter G sphere
	1012	Ganymede 808 km
	1058	Exit G sphere
	2229	Europa 595000 km
2000 May 20?	2339	Callisto 331000 km
2000 May 21?	0553	Jupiter 479000 km
	0640	Io 380000 km
2000 Sep 8		Apojove 20.7Mkm
2000 Sep 10		OTM-89
2000 Dec 21		OTM
2000 Dec 28	0737	Enter G sphere
	0827	G29 Ganymede flyby 2326 km
	0916	Leave G sphere
	1342	Callisto 2.3Mkm
2000 Dec 29	0326	Jupiter C/A 535522 km to center
	0333	Io 921000 km
	2137	Europa 794000 km
2001 Mar 11		Apojove 15.465Mkm
2001 May 10		OTM-94
2001 May 23	0030	Begin radio occultation expt
	0700	End occultation experiment
	1718	Io C/A 341771 km
	1734	Jupiter at 450400 km alt, 6.3Rj C/A	OWLT 50m
	2351	Europa C/A 781513 km
2001 May 24	1120	Ganymede C/A 358700 km
2001 May 25	0958	Enter C sphere
	1124	C30 Callisto 123km
	1253	Leave C sphere
2001 May 30	s	OTM
2001 Jun 30	s	Apojove 9.707Mkm
2001 Aug 3		OTM (6 hr with 10N thrusters)
2001 Aug 4	1100	Begin I31 encounter
	1800?	Callisto flyby 350000 km
2001 Aug 5	1633	Ganymede C/A 1066747 km
2001 Aug 6	0452	Jupiter 350300 alt
	0435	Enter Io sphere
	0501	I31 Io polar pass 200 km
	0525	Leave Io sphere
	1927	Europa C/A 609000 km
2001 Aug 10		OTM
2001 Sep 1		OTM-100
2001 Sep 11	s	Apojove 9.451Mkm
2001 Sep 18		OTM
2001 Oct 13		OTM
2001 Oct 15	1717	Jovian shadow entry
	1731	Ganymede C/A 1.4Mkm
	2100?	Callisto C/A, more than 1Mkm
2001 Oct 15	2252	Jupiter C/A 343000 km height
2001 Oct 16	0101	In Io sphere
	0123	I32 Io polar pass 181 km at 78.6S
	0147	Exit Io sphere
2001 Oct 16	0846	Europa pass 340000 km
	1848	Resume guidance, 1Mkm out
2001 Oct 19		TCM
2001 Nov 30		OTM
2001 Dec 1	2030?	Apojove 11.5Mkm 160.9Rj
2002 Jan 16	1750	1.7Mkm C/A to Callisto
2002 Jan 17	0453	1Mkm C/A to Ganymede
	1341	Safemode
	1350	Enter Io sphere
2002 Jan 17	1409	I33 Io pro-jovian equator pass 101.5 km
	1429	Leave Io sphere
	1622	PERI Jupiter C/A 322000 km height
2002 Jan 18	0400	Out of safemode
2002 Jun		Apojove about 25 Mkm?
2002 Sep 21		TCM targeting
2002 Oct 15		Range 10.7Mkm
2002 Nov 4	0716	Range 1.43Mkm
	2216	at 715000 km
2002 Nov 5	0257	45250 km from Io
2002 Nov 5	0535	A34 Amalthea 160 km
	0618	0702:28ERT 160 km from surface
	0724	71500 km above cloud tops
		Penultimate perijove
	1131	1215ERT Io orbit outbound
2003 Apr 14		Final apojove - High apojove orbit 369.5Rj 26.4Mkm
2003 Sep 18		At 50 Rj, 3.6Mkm
2003 Sep 20	1100?	Cross orbit of Callisto, J range 1.95Mkm
2003 Sep 21	0100?	At 18Rj
	0500?	Cross orbit of Ganymede, J range 1.05Mkm
2003 Sep 21	0700	Begin transmission
	1145?	Cross orbit of Europa
	1500?	Io orbit, range 422000 km to Jupiter
	1550	Expect to lose star tracker data
	1739	MAG off, height 143000 km above clouds
	1756	Amalthea orbit, ring search
	1825	Adrastea/Metis orbits, 57500 km height
	1850	In Jovian shadow
	1850:54	LOS behind Jupiter, 9283 km height, ERT 1943:14
LT 52:20	1857:16	Jupiter entry	-9700 x 25434600 x 1.7
	1857:16	Jupiter entry	-9690 x 26735040 x 0.67 (Horizons)
		Location 0.25S ? long, approach -22 deg 48.2 km/s

Payload:

• RTG SIG RTGs (2) 250W

• SSI Solid state imager CCD TV camera

• NIMS Near IR mapping spectrometer

• UVS Ultraviolet spectrometer

• MAG Magnetometer

• PLS Plasma detector; composition, energy, ion distribution

• Electron emitter

• EPD Energetic particles: electrons, protons, heavy ions

• PWS Plasma wave spectrometer

• HIC Heavy Ion Counter; Spacecraft charged-particle environment

• PPR Photopolarimeter radiometer

1989-084E

---

The Galileo Probe, built by Hughes for NASA-Ames, was detached from the orbiter during approach to Jupiter at a range of 83 million km.

Entry was at 47.4 km/s at -8.4 deg at a radius of 71942? km (1 bar + 450 km) over 6.5N 4.9W. This corresponds to a Jovicentric orbit of -2900 x 58540 km. Entry orbit was an e = 1.018 hyperbola with heights of -79 x -8248800 km x 6.9 deg.

The probe parachute deployed 53 seconds late due to a wiring error on the accelerometers.

Galileo Probe
Date	Time	Event	Orbit
1995 Jul 13	0530	Probe release (0607 ERT)	RJ=81.5 Mkm
1995 Dec 7	1600	Timer reactivation	RJ=600000 km
	1900	EPI measurements of magnetosphere	RJ=360000 km
	2204	Entry (E), 450 km alt above 1 bar (71492 + 450 = 71942 km)
		Lat 6.5N, Long 4.4 W, vel 170700 km/h
	2205	(E+0:56) max aerodynamic stress, 230g, 99200 km/h	100 km
	2205	(E+1:52) Pilot parachute out, 3200 km/h	50 km
	2205	Pilot para and aft shield sep
	2205	(E+1:54) Main parachute out, 3120 km/h	50 km
	2206	(E+2:02) Deceleration Module sep, 1630 km/h	48 km
	2206	(E+2:06) Direct measurements begin
	2206	(E+2:15) Radio transmission starts 890 km/h	40 km
	2208	Cloud tops reached, 454 km/h	26 km
	2212	1-bar level reached, 295 km/h	0 km
	2246	Sunset at entry site, 126 km/h	-100 km
	2302	(E+58.5 min) End of transmissions	-160 km
	2319	End of Orbiter relay mode, 92 km/h	-160 km
	2350?	Dacron parachute melts, 260C
1995 Dec 8	0030?	Aluminium instruments melt, 660C, 280 bar
	0700?	Titanium probe structure melts, 1680C, 2000 bar
	0700?	Probe destroyed by melting

Payload:

• HAD He abundance detector, interferometer

• ASI Atmospheric structure instrument

• NMS Neutral Mass spectrometer

• NFR Net flux radiometer

• NEP Nephelometer

• LRD/EPI Lightning and radio emission detector and energetic particles instrument. RF antenna (10 Hz-100 kHz), photodiodes (2), solid state particle telescope for electrons, protons, heavy ions.